曼昆經濟學原理12稅制設計課件

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1、曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計The Design of the Tax SystemChapter 12曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計“In this world nothing is certain but death and taxes.”.Benjamin Franklin0204060801001789Taxes paid in Ben Franklins time accounted for 5 percent of the average Americans income.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計“In this world nothing is certain but deat

2、h and taxes.”.Benjamin Franklin0204060801001789TodayToday,taxes account for up to a third of the average Americans income.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Government Revenue as a Percentage of GDP曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Central Government Tax Revenue as a Percent of GDPFrance38.8United Kingdom33.7Germany29.4Brazil19.7United Sta

3、tes19.3Canada18.5Russia17.4Indonesia14.7Pakistan15.3Mexico12.8India10.3曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計The Federal Government The U.S.federal government collects about two-thirds of the taxes in our economy.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計The Federal Government The largest source of revenue for the federal government is the individual

4、 income tax.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Tax Liability With respect to paying income taxes,an individuals tax liability(how much he/she owes)is based on total income.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Individual Income TaxesuThe marginal tax rate is the tax rate applied to each additional dollar of income.uHigher-income families pay a

5、 larger percentage of their income in taxes.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Federal Income Tax Rates:1999On Taxable IncomeThe Tax Rate Is.Up to$25,75015.0%From$25,750 to$62,45028.0From$62,450 to$130,25031.0From$130,250 to$283,15036.0Over$283,15039.6曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計The Federal Government and Taxes uPayroll Taxes:tax on

6、the wages that a firm pays its workers.uSocial Insurance Taxes:revenue from these taxes is earmarked to pay for Social Security and Medicare.uExcise Taxes:taxes on specific goods like gasoline,cigarettes,and alcoholic beverages.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Receipts of the Federal Government:1999TaxAmount(billions)

7、Amount(per person)Percentof ReceiptsIndividual income taxes$869$3,19448%Social insurance taxes6092,23934Corporate income taxes18266910Other1465378 Total$1,806$6,639100%曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Receipts of the Federal Government.Individual Income Tax,48%Social Insurance Tax,34%Corporate Tax,10%Excise Tax,4%Othe

8、r,4%曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Federal Government SpendinguGovernment spending includes transfer payments and the purchase of public goods and services.uTransfer payments are government payments not made in exchange for a good or a service.uTransfer payments are the largest of the governments expenditures.曼昆經濟學原

9、理12-稅制設計Federal Government SpendingExpense Category:uSocial SecurityuNational DefenseuNet InterestuIncome SecurityuMedicareuHealthuOther曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Federal Government Spending:1999CategoryAmount(billions)Amount perPersonPercent ofSpendingSocial security$393$1,44523%National defense2771,01816Net in

10、terest24389314Income security22783713Medicare20575412Health1435268Other23987914Total$1,727$6,350100%曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Federal Government Spending:1999.Social Security,23%Defense,16%Net Interest,13%Income security,14%Medicare,12%Health,8%Other,14%,曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Financial Conditions of the Federal Budgetu

11、A budget deficit occurs when there is an excess of government spending over government receipts.uGovernment finances the deficit by borrowing from the public.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Financial Conditions of the Federal BudgetuA budget surplus occurs when government receipts are greater than government spending

12、.uA budget surplus may be used to reduce the governments outstanding debts.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計State and Local GovernmentsState and local governments collect about 40 percent of taxes paid.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計State and Local Government ReceiptsuSales TaxesuProperty TaxesuIndividual Income TaxesuCorporate Income

13、 TaxesuOtherTaxes$曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計State and Local Government SpendinguEducationuPublic WelfareuHighwaysuOther曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Receipts of State and Local Governments:1996TaxAmount(billions)Amountper personPercentof ReceiptsSales taxes$249$94020%Property taxes20978917Individual income taxes14755412Corpora

14、te income taxes321213From federal government23588719Other3511,32429Total$1,223$4,615100%曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Spending of State and Local Governments:1996CategoryAmount(billions)Amount perPersonPercent ofSpendingEducation$399$1,50633%Public welfare19774317Highways792987Other5181,95543Total$1,193$4,502100%曼昆

15、經濟學原理12-稅制設計Policymakers have two objectives in designing a tax system.Efficiency Equity曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Taxes and EfficiencyuOne tax system is more efficient than another if it raises the same amount of revenue at a smaller cost to taxpayers.uAn efficient tax system is one that imposes the smallest de

16、adweight losses and administrative burdens possible.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計The Cost of Taxes to TaxpayersuThe tax payment itselfuDeadweight lossesuAdministrative burdens曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Deadweight Losses of TaxationuBecause taxes distort incentives,they entail deadweight losses.uThe deadweight loss of a tax is

17、the reduction of the economic well-being of taxpayers in excess of the amount of revenue raised by the government.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Administrative BurdensComplying with tax laws creates additional deadweight losses.uTaxpayers lose additional time and money documenting,computing,and avoiding taxes over a

18、nd above the actual taxes they pay.1.The administrative burden of any tax system is part of the inefficiency it creates.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Marginal Tax Rates versus Average Tax RatesuThe average tax rate is total taxes paid divided by total income.uThe marginal tax rate is the extra taxes paid on an addi

19、tional dollar of income.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Lump-Sum TaxesA lump-sum tax is a tax that is the same amount for every person,regardless of earnings or any actions that the person might take.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Taxes and EquityuHow should the burden of taxes be divided among the population?uHow do we evaluate whet

20、her a tax system is fair?曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Principles of TaxationuBenefits principleuAbility-to-pay principle$曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Benefits PrincipleuThe benefits principle is the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services.uAn example is a gasoline tax:uTax re

21、venues from a gasoline tax are used to finance our highway system.uPeople who drive the most also pay the most toward maintaining roads.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Ability-to-Pay PrincipleuThe ability-to-pay principle is the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can should

22、er the burden.uThe ability-to-pay principle leads to two corollary notions of equity.uVertical equityuHorizontal equity曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Vertical EquityuVertical equity is the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amounts.uFor example,people with higher incomes should

23、 pay more than people with lower incomes.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Vertical Equity and Alternative Tax SystemsuA proportional tax is one for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of income.uA regressive tax is one for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income

24、than do low-income taxpayers.uA progressive tax is one for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Three Tax SystemsProportional TaxRegressive TaxProgressive TaxIncomeAmount of TaxPercentof IncomeAmount of TaxPercentof IncomeAmount

25、 of TaxPercentof Income$50,000$12,50025%$15,00030%$10,00020%100,00025,00025%25,00025%25,00025%200,00050,00025%40,00020%60,00030%曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計The Burden of Federal TaxesQuintileAverageIncomeTaxes as aPercent ofIncomePercentof AllIncomePercent ofAll TaxesLowest$9,8808.0%4%1%Second26,10015.6117Middle4

26、4,30020.31613Fourth68,20023.12019Highest174,00029.14959曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Horizontal EquityuHorizontal equity is the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amounts.uFor example,two families with the same number of dependents and the same income living in different par

27、ts of the country should pay the same federal taxes.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計The“Marriage Tax”uMarriage affects the tax liability of a couple in that tax law treats a married couple as a single taxpayer.uWhen a couple gets married,they stop paying taxes as individuals and start paying taxes as a family.uIf eac

28、h has a similar income,their total tax liability rises when they get married.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Tax Incidence and Tax EquityuThe difficulty in formulating tax policy is balancing the often conflicting goals of efficiency and equity.uThe study of who bears the burden of taxes is central to evaluating tax

29、equity.uThis study is called tax incidence.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Flypaper Theory of Tax IncidenceAccording to the flypaper theory,the burden of a tax,like a fly on flypaper,sticks wherever it first lands.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計The Flat TaxuFirst proposed by economist Robert Hall in the 1980s.uProposed as an alternat

30、ive to the current tax system.uA single,low tax rate would apply to all income in the economy.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Proposed Benefits of theFlat TaxuThe flat tax would eliminate many of the deductions allowed under the current income tax thereby broadening the tax base and reducing marginal tax rates for mo

31、st people.uBecause the flat tax is simple,the administrative burden of taxation would be greatly reduced.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Proposed Benefits of theFlat TaxuBecause all taxpayers would be faced with the same marginal tax rate,the tax could be collected at the source of income.uThe flat tax would replace

32、both the personal and corporate income taxes and would eliminate the current double taxation of corporate profits.uThe flat tax could increase the incentive to save.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計SummaryuThe U.S.government raises revenue using various taxes.uIncome taxes and payroll taxes raise the most revenue for

33、the federal government.uSales taxes and property taxes raise the most revenue for the state and local governments.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計SummaryuEquity and efficiency are the two most important goals of the tax system.uThe efficiency of a tax system refers to the costs it imposes on the taxpayers.uThe equity

34、 of a tax system concerns whether the tax burden is distributed fairly among the population.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計SummaryuAccording to the benefits principle,it is fair for people to pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from the government.uAccording to the ability-to-pay principle,it is fair for pe

35、ople to pay taxes on their capability to handle the financial burden.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計SummaryuThe distribution of tax burdens is not the same as the distribution of tax bills.uMuch of the debate over tax policy arises because people give different weights to the two goals of efficiency and equity.曼昆經濟學

36、原理12-稅制設計Graphical Review曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計“In this world nothing is certain but death and taxes.”.Benjamin Franklin0204060801001789Taxes paid in Ben Franklins time accounted for 5 percent of the average Americans income.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計“In this world nothing is certain but death and taxes.”.Benjamin Fran

37、klin0204060801001789TodayToday,taxes account for up to a third of the average Americans income.曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Government Revenue as a Percentage of GDP曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Receipts of the Federal Government.Individual Income Tax,48%Social Insurance Tax,34%Corporate Tax,10%Excise Tax,4%Other,4%曼昆經濟學原理12-稅制設計Federal Government Spending:1999.Social Security,23%Defense,16%Net Interest,13%Income security,14%Medicare,12%Health,8%Other,14%,